William G. Perry, Jr. (1913 – January 12, 1998) was a well-known educational psychologist who studied the cognitive development of students during their college years. ... While at Harvard, he developed his theory of the intellectual and cognitive development of college-age students through a 15-year study during the 1950s and 1960s. He published his work in 1970 as Forms of Intellectual and Ethical Development in the College Years.
The Perry scheme is a model for understanding how college students come to understand knowledge, the ideas they hold about "knowing", and the ways in which knowing is a part of the cognitive processes of thinking and reasoning. Perry (1970) proposed that college students pass through a predictable sequence of positions of epistemological growth. Fundamental to the Perry scheme is a student's nine-position progression from dualist to relativist epistemologies. Learners move from viewing truth in absolute terms of Right and Wrong (obtained from "Good" or "Bad" Authorities) to recognizing multiple, conflicting versions of "truth" representing legitimate alternatives. ... The nine positions of the Perry scheme can be grouped into three broader categories, which Perry (1981) identified as: 1) dualism modified (or dualism + multiplicity), 2) relativism discovered, and 3) commitments in relativism developed. The Perry scheme addresses issues distinct from those commonly discussed under the rubric of "critical thinking." Critical thinking can be understood as the ability to weigh evidence, examine arguments, and construct rational bases for beliefs, but it also includes self-examination of reasoning processes (i.e., metacognition) to evaluate their appropriateness and effectiveness. However, Perry's scheme speaks to epistemic issues underlying critical thinking: students' assumptions concerning the nature and acquisition of knowledge (or truth). ... Perry's seminal work continues to function as the primary reference point for the discussion on epistemological growth in the adult learner.
Perry's scheme outlines a student's nine-position progression from dualist thinking to relativist thinking and then to commitment.
| Summary of Position | Basic Example |
|---|---|
| The authorities know | e.g. "the teacher knows what is right and wrong" |
| The true authorities are right, the others are frauds | e.g. "my teacher doesn't know what is right and wrong but others do" |
| There are some uncertainties and the authorities are working on them to find the truth | e.g. "my teachers don't know, but somebody out there is trying to find out" |
| (a) Everyone has right to their own opinion (b) The authorities don't want the right answers. They want us to think in a certain way |
e.g. "different teachers think different things" e.g. "there is an answer that the teachers want and we have to find it" |
| Everything is relative but not equally valid | e.g. "there are no right and wrong answers, it depends on the situation, but some answers might be better than others" |
| You have to make your own decisions | e.g. "what is important is not what the teacher thinks but what I think" |
| First commitment | e.g. "for this particular topic I think that...." |
| Several Commitments | e.g. "for these topics I think that...." |
| Believe own values, respect others, be ready to learn | e.g. "I know what I believe in and what I think is valid, others may think differently and I'm prepared to reconsider my views" |