PSYC 3100-01 HISTORY & SYSTEMS Spring 2019: QUIZ 2 NAME:

Read each question and all the alternatives carefully. Circle the letter of the BEST answer on this sheet, and fill in the corresponding bubble on your bubble sheet. Focus on what the question asks for; don't just choose an answer that is a true statement on its own.

1. Thales believed that all things were made of

a. "The Boundless", that is, something more fundamental than anything humans are familiar with.

b. Fire, because everything in the world is changing.

c. Water, because it is essential for all living things and is found in abundance as liquid, solid, and gas.

d. None of these, because all that exists is human nature and belief; there is no ultimate truth.

2. Which term describes the first completely naturalistic view of the world?

a. eidola

b. elementism

c. Dionysianism

d. atomism

3. Anaximander argued that

a. All change is an illusion -- there is only one reality that is uniform and fixed, and it can only be understood through reason.

b. Water is itself composed of a more fundamental material -- the physis has the capability of becoming anything.

c. Motion is an illusion -- because there are an infinite number of points between any two points, no distance can ever be crossed.

d. There are four elements from which everything in the world is made -- earth, fire, air and water.

4. Kuhn's term "paradigm" had two meanings. Which of these is NOT an example of a paradigm in the "exemplar" sense?

a. Reaction time

b. Classical conditioning

c. Maze running

d. Connectionism

5. In Logical Positivism, axioms (theoretical statements) and protocol sentences (observation statements) are related by

a. Scientific Observations

b. Operational Definitions

c. Rationalism

d. Sociological Factors

6. Pythagoras is to _______ as Democritus is to________.

a. earth, air, fire, and water; mathematics

b. mathematics; atoms

c. physis; atoms

d. atoms; mathematics

7. Which of the following is true regarding Pythagoras?

a. Pythagoras believed that music was the physis

b. Pythagoras believed that eidola enter the body through the pores, not the sense organs

c. The Pythagoreans did not admit women into their religious cult

d. Pythagoras was a dualist, viewing the body as a physical prison for the soul, and the soul as eternal

8. Which of these was NOT considered as the physis by an early Greek philosopher?

a. water

b. the boundless

c. motion

d. fire

9. What was Karl Popper's view on the role of observation in science?

a. He said that in science, observation comes before everything else.

b. He found observations to be useless and suggested scientists should abandon this step in their method.

c. He considered observation to be selective, because scientific activity starts with a problem which determines what observations scientist will make.

d. His focus was on paradigms, not on scientific activities.

10. The philosopher who aimed to reveal true knowledge through questioning people about things that they believed they understood or thought they were knowledgeable about was

a. Anaxagoras

b. Plato

c. Pythagoras

d. Socrates

11. Who argued that reality was uniform, motionless, and fixed, and knowledge of it could only be attained through reason?

a. Anaximander

b. Socrates

c. Thales

d. Parmenides

12. Heraclitus's thought can be viewed as an early inspiration for the approach to psychology found in

a. rationalism

b. behaviorism

c. structuralism

d. voluntarism

13. Which philosopher believed that there was no single physis, but rather that it consisted of earth, fire, air, and water?

a. Empedocles

b. Pythagoras

c. Thales

d. Anaximander

14. Unlike the Logical Positivists, Karl Popper claimed that

a. a good scientific theory would not ever be proven wrong.

b. a good scientific theory must, first and foremost, be falsifiable.

c. a scientific theory should be accepted as true if there is no proof of it being false.

d. a scientific theory should not make "risky" predictions, so if you can think of a way to prove it wrong, it cannot be accepted as true.

15. Democritus's atomism held that:

a. atoms are unchanging, but objects change

b. objects are unchanging, but atoms change

c. both atoms and objects change continually due to the effects of love and strife

d. neither atoms nor objects are changeable

16. Which of these is an aspect of Kuhn’s conception of science?

a. Observations are always made from the point of view of a paradigm.

b. All theoretical statements must be tied explcitly to the observations that give them their meaning.

c. The most important criterion of a scientific theory is falsifiability.

d. All of the above.

17. For the Sophists, truth was defined as:

a. The ideal abstraction of all Earthly objects

b. The essence of something, derived through inductive reasoning

c. The most convincing of several opposing arguments

d. That which is gathered through the senses

18. Which of these pairings of philosophers and their candidate for the physis is INCORRECT?

a. Pythagoras: number

b. Heraclitus: fire

c. Thales: water

d. Democritus: the boundless

19. Which of these was NOT discussed as an aspect of Empedocles' theory of perception?

a. All objects throw off tiny copies of themselves called "eidola"

b. Eidola enter the body through the sense organs

c. The heart combines eidola with the four elements present in blood to reconstruct the object

d. The modern conception of mental representation has its roots in his theory

20. Which philosopher stated, "No man steps twice into the same river"?

a. Anaximander

b. Heraclitus

c. Parmenides

d. Thales